key elements of a community health assessment

Elliott E, Francis S. Making effective links to decision-making: Key challenges for health impact assessment. (2017). In practice, some HIAs have focused on a specific health end point, such as obesity, or health concerns related to a single impact of the proposal, such as the health effects of air pollutants, most likely without using a systematic approach that considered and eliminated other impacts (see, for example, Kuo et al. First, community input is essential especially for proposals that will affect the local community primarily. CDC twenty four seven. The impacts of right-to-know: Information disclosure and the violation of drinking water standards. The first is to create a profile of the population affected, which includes information on the demographics, baseline health status, and social, economic, and environmental conditions that are important to health. Quigley R, den Broeder L, Furu P, Bond A, Cave B, Bos R. Roscam Abbing EW. Another categorization is based on the breadth of the HIA and distinguishes HIAs that have a tight focussuch as ones that use a narrow definition of health and emphasize quantification from HIAs that have a broader, holistic focus shaped by the social determinants of health (Kemm 2001). Community Health Assessment (CHA) archived training Identifying and selecting indicators for the CHA Data Collection, Analysis and Synthesis Presenting the CHA Findings Community Health Improvement Plan (CHIP) archived training Prioritizing Issues Choosing Strategies Developing a CHIP and Implementation Plan government site. HIV-AIDS infection risk associated with oil-pipeline construction. For example, in Alaska, one of the adverse impacts of a proposed mine expansion was the feared contamination of water and wildlife, and evidence suggested that a fear of contamination might lead communities to shy away from eating a traditional diet. Screening: HIA of a Residential Housing Program, Example of a logic framework that maps out the possible causal pathways by which health effects might occur, Example of a Table Used for Systematic Scoping, Example of a Matrix for Analyzing Health Effects, Example of a Table for Rating Importance of Health Effects, Assessment: Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, Examples of Health and Behavioral Effects That Have Been Addressed Quantitatively in HIA, Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (1997). That issue is addressed again in Chapter 4. First, disclosure informs affected communities and individuals and possibly other stakeholders, such as government agencies and officials, of possible effects on their health and well-being, a core objective of HIA. Gruber JB, Wang W, Quittner A, Salyakina D, McCafferty-Fernandez J. Popul Health Manag. Sixth, because many established environmental risk factors are found at higher concentrations in vulnerable communities, disclosure of risks may be an important way to reduce health disparities and address concerns about environmental justice (Miranda et al. Action plans have mutually reinforcing activities. 2005; Morgan 2011). A number of corporations and professional associations, such as the International Committee on Mining and Metals and the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers, have guidance for HIA, but relatively few completed industry-led HIAs or environmental, social, and health impact assessments are available on the Internet or on public Web sites that catalog HIA activity. AHA does not claim ownership of any content, including content incorporated by permission into AHA produced materials, created by any third party and cannot grant permission to use, distribute or otherwise reproduce such third party content. Chapter 4 discusses the extent to which an HIA can ensure the implementation of recommendations. Observations that might indicate some influence of the HIA include discussion about HIA by legislators debating a proposal. Because HIAs can address decisions that range from small, localized programs or projects to national policies, screening ensures that HIA is used judiciously and when it is most likely to be valuable. Screening establishes the need for and value of conducting an HIA. Source: ICMM 2010. 2006). Health impact Assessment: Concepts, Theory, Techniques and Applications. There are six elements that make up a health assessment. Before discussing the various elements of HIA, it is important to understand the context in which HIA is undertaken in the United States. HIA provides recommendations on monitoring and managing those effects. Some provide a checklist of factors to consider and often focus on health determinants that might be affected by the proposal. The committee notes that the diversity of approaches and decision contexts imposes challenges for determining the resources required for conducting an HIA. The toolkit presents the key elements of HRC development. For those reasons, the committee concludes that HIAs including, to the extent practical, the data used for the analysis, analytic methods, assumptions, findings, uncertainties, data gaps, and recommendations should be made public. MeSH In practice, not all HIAs have conducted systematic literature reviews or documented review methods. The committee recommends that HIAs be publicly released and disseminated. However, in some cases, the relationships between the implemented decision and health determinants may be more direct and measurable. HIA is meant to assist decision-makers, so although the act of reporting is a formal step in the HIA process, it is also in the interest of decision-makers and the HIA team to keep in constant communication throughout the HIA process so that emerging results can be incorporated into the policy, plan, program, or project. In other cases, it may not be possible to attribute a particular decision to the influence of an HIA (Wismar et al. Source: Adapted from BLM 2007 and Wernham 2007. For example, the San Francisco Department of Public Health routinely screens major projects and plans to ensure adequate analysis and mitigation of environmental health impacts. Furthermore, HIA teams commonly rely on analyses by such experts as traffic-safety engineers or air-quality analysts who provide information on the links between the proposal and changes in health determinants. The Collective Impact Framework has five key elements: Participants have a common agenda with a joint approach for solving an agreed-upon problem. Scoping considers input from many sources, including preliminary literature searches, public input, and professional or expert opinion in fields relevant to the proposal. Available studies suggest that efforts to involve and inform decision- makers throughout the HIA process and a strong relationship between the HIA team and decision-makers are often critical for the HIAs effectiveness (Veerman et al. BLM later considered amending (more). While CHNAs are a recent requirement, community health assessments (CHAs) have long been used as a tool by hospitals, public health departments and other social service agencies to identify key community health concerns. As discussed above, additional benefits may include, for example (Wismar et al. The HIA report describes the screening process but does not provide great detail about it. There are often not clear lines of authority between the team conducting the HIA and the decision-maker. An HIA, however, might not provide any recommendations; this could occur if the HIA failed to reveal any important health effects. 2006). The central considerations include whether the proposal in question might cause important changes in health, whether health is already a major focus of the decision-making process, whether the legal framework provides an opportunity for health to be factored into the decision, and whether data, staff, resources, and time are adequate to complete a successful HIA in time to provide useful input into the decision-making process (that is, can information be provided within the timeline for the decision). Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management. Observing and documenting the HIA processsuch as methods of engaging stakeholders and interacting with decision-makers and approaches to addressing analytic challenges and interviewing participants and stakeholders are the main methods of process evaluation. A CHA is a systematic process involving the community to identify and analyze community health needs and assets, prioritize those needs and then implement a plan to address significant unmet needs. Developing new cross-disciplinary and interagency collaborations. The core issues that are commonly addressed are as follows: Some HIA guides recommend using a matrix, such as those shown in Tables 3-2 and 3-3, to characterize effects (Harris et al. A variety of screening tools and algorithms are commonly used (Cole et al. Others have proposed categorizing HIAs as participatory (emphasizing shared governance, public participation, and a focus on socioeconomic and environmental determinants), quantitative or analytic (concentrating on the methods and rigor of the analysis), or procedural (drawing on elements of the other two approaches but emphasizing the procedural steps required and often undertaken within a specified administrative or regulatory context) (Cole and Fielding 2007). Mechanisms to limit bias in decision-relevant analyses further are discussed in Chapter 4. 2007). The role of adaptive management as an operational approach for resource management agencies. Screening involves making an initial rapid judgment of whether an HIA is likely to be feasible and valuable. 2008). It is critical to arrange the information logically so that readers can navigate easily through the document, to provide a lay summary that accurately describes the main findings and conclusions of the study, and to reference all data and sources accurately (Fredsgaard et al. Example of a logic framework that maps out the possible causal pathways by which health effects might occur. Health impact assessment: A tool to help policy makers understand health beyond health care. It is also highly likely to lead to improved compliance with public-health guidance regarding seasonal influenza and community mitigation strategies for pandemic influenza. In contrast, effects that are likely but less well supported include increased ambulatory or preventive primary care, fewer emergency-room visits by workers who are insured, and greater compliance with infection-control policies. Therefore, scoping should be thought of as a two-part process that starts with a systematic effort to identify all potentially important effects and that continues with selection of the most important and well-substantiated effects for further analysis at later stages. 54873. Sources: Veerman et al. Mindell J, Boaz A, Joffe M, Curtis S, Birley M. Enhancing the evidence base for health impact assessment. Davenport C, Mathers J, Parry J. The HIA conclusions and recommendations should be presented in a manner that is clear and easily understood. For example, there may be concerns about risks to a proponents reputation or to the viability and public acceptance of a proposed project if a report discloses important unmitigated adverse impacts or potential impacts that are uncertain or for which strong evidence does not exist. On the basis of the findings, the HIA recommended a series of public-health mitigation measures that were selected to maximize any favorable impacts and to minimize harms. 2 Setting priorities considers pathways that appear most important from a public-health perspective and considers issues that have been raised prominently by stakeholders. All rights reserved. Special thanks to the Community Guide Branch, CDC, the Community Preventive Services Task Force, and the Public Health Foundation for their support. New surveys to address data gaps or questions specific to the proposal in question are also common in comprehensive HIAs. Some decisions to conduct HIA may depend on a specific statutory requirement or mandated procedure. Even when there is substantial uncertainty, an assessment can illuminate potential causal pathways thateven when there appear to be conflicting influences on a specific outcomecan point the way toward a flexible framework for monitoring and managing any impacts that might occur as the proposal is implemented. SFCC (Federation of Swedish County Councils). Discuss what entity has the authority or ability to implement each measure and document any commitments to do so. Bookshelf The variation partly reflects the wide array of applications of HIA; for example, it is not necessary or feasible to use the same approaches to involve stakeholders for a local project and for a high-level state or national policy. In 1998, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) completed a Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). The committee notes that outcome evaluation of policy experiments is a field independent of HIA, and many large-scale social interventionssuch as Head Start and Moving to Opportunityhave been subject to outcome evaluation that has included consideration of health or health determinants (Leventhal and Brooks-Gunn 2003; Schweinhart et al. Environmental justice implications of reduced reporting requirements of the Toxics Release Inventory Burden Reduction Rule. On the basis of its review of available literature, HIA guides, and practice standards, the committee has synthesized the key criteria that define HIA and that set it apart from related approaches to public-health practice and policy. Box 3-1 provides an example of how screening on a proposal for a residential housing program was conducted. It also shows how HIA results can be disseminated widely in different formats through a number of channels. A complete nursing health assessment requires a health professional to examine a patient in a systematic fashion, from head to toe. Regardless of whether effects are quantified, the assessment stage should include a characterization of each effect to the greatest extent. The committee considers self-evaluation and independent evaluation to be essential for moving the field ahead. Steinemann A. There could also be concerns that disclosure of such information would lead to litigation. It includes the production and dissemination of written materials that document the HIA process, methods, findings, recommendations, and limitations of the analysis; and it includes the public dissemination of results through other channels, such as meetings with the public, decision-makers, and other stakeholders. As discussed in this chapter, HIAs have been used for a wide variety of applications and at all levels of government (local, state, tribal, and federal) and have been conducted with varied resources over different schedules. 2010). Although the reasons and objectives for HIA are often not articulated at the outset of screening, establishing well-defined objectives will focus the screening process on determining whether HIA is likely to be an effective approach for achieving them. Practice implications include better understanding of different models and requirements by health departments, hospitals, and others involved in assessment and planning to improve cross-sector collaboration, collective impact, and community health. National Library of Medicine Framework for Environmental Health Risk Management Final Report. Recommendations identify specific actions that could be taken to avoid, minimize, or mitigate harmful effects identified during the course of the HIA or to take maximal advantage of opportunities for a proposal to improve health. If it is not possible to undertake complete, systematic literature reviews for an effect analyzed in an HIA, HIA practitioners must be vigilant to avoid selective searching and consideration of only studies that confirm particular conclusions (Mindell et al. Veerman J, Barendregt J, Mackenback J. Quantitative health impact assessment: Current practice and future directions. In some cases, the team may draw on outside consultants who have expertise in a specific health issue or method. These common components included preplanning; developing partnerships; developing vision and scope; collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data; identifying community assets; identifying priorities; developing and implementing an intervention plan; developing and implementing an evaluation plan; communicating and receiving feedback on the assessment findings and/or the plan; planning for sustainability; and celebrating success. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment. A statement of why the proposal was selected for screening. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. The enacted legislation is consistent with some of the recommendations of the HIA, but there were no data to evaluate whether those drafting the legislation were influenced by the recommendations; there were no interviews with legislators over the course of the legislative process (Human Impact Partners 2010). This review outlines the epidemiology of suicide and suicidal behavior in young people. Potential health effects have been estimated by using established approaches for quantitative analysis, such as the calculation of the fraction of disease rates in a population that can be attributed to the risk being analyzed and the application of available exposure-response functions to quantify cancer risk associated with incremental changes in exposure to carcinogens. The use of various types of evidence and approaches used to make predictions are discussed below. 2017 Jul/Aug;23 Suppl 4 Suppl, Community Health Status Assessment:S14-S21. The most vulnerable populations were identified as people of low economic status, children, older adults, renters, and the carless. Ultimately, regardless of the specific tool used, the decision to conduct HIA in most cases relies on the practitioners or decision-makers judgment regarding the likelihood of impacts, the time and resources available, and the likelihood that the information produced by the HIA will be a valuable aid to decision-making. A preliminary opinion regarding the potential importance of the proposal for health. For example, in Oregon, an independent health-oriented nonprofit organization conducted an HIA of a series of proposals to reduce vehicle miles traveled in a bill intended to reduce greenhouse- gas emissions (UPH 2009). Building evaluation into the plans for an HIA early in the process may support and reinforce a more deliberate and careful approach to designing and implementing the HIA itself. Instead, it appears that the specific methods and approaches used in a single HIA often evolve within the basic framework described above and develop as a pragmatic response to context. Remember, although this example uses boxes and arrows, you and your partners in change can use any format or imagery that communicates more effectively with your stakeholders. The committee notes that a variety of qualitative and quantitative approaches are often used to generate predictions, but regardless of the methods used, most available guidance emphasizes the importance of considering diverse forms of evidence, a consistent and unbiased approach to selecting and interpreting evidence, and a clear and transparent description of the analytic approach (WHO 1999; Mindell et al. Health Impact Assessment: International Best Practice Principles. Petticrew M, Cummins S, Sparks L, Findlay A. Validating health impact assessment: Prediction is difficult (especially about the future). Roles and responsibilities for key, onsite event personnel, e.g., Event Organizer, Security Manager, Police, Fire, EMS, etc. In: Kemm J, Parry J, Palmer S, editors. Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A) Draft Supplemental Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement (IAP/EIS).

American Italian Dictionary, Duplex For Rent Northeast El Paso, Nhra Radio Frequencies 2021, Science Of Reading Kilpatrick, Articles K