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A scalawag was a white southerner who supported the Republican Party during the period of Reconstruction. Literally describing an unwelcome stranger with no more property than could be carried in a satchel (carpetbag), the epithet later came to refer to anyone perceived as an interloper who came to a region to exploit it against the wishes of the inhabitants. In its earliest usage in the American South, the term was considered quite negative and was leveled as an insult. Sometimes carpetbaggers even took political office in southern states, because many former Confederates were prohibited from holding political office. Southern society during Reconstruction was a complicated landscape of competing interests. [9] Schoolteachers and religious missionaries went to the South to teach the freedmen; some were sponsored by northern churches. After General Lee surrendered to General Grant, the United States entered a period called Reconstruction. Industrial Workers of the World History & Goals | What is the IWW? "Carpetbagger: Definition and Origin of the Political Term." The revisionist school in the 1930s called them stooges of Northern business interests. Sacalawags were white southerners that supported the Republican Party during Reconstruction. A. natural law D. consent of "Carpetbagger Rule in Reconstruction Texas: an Enduring Myth.". Many lived in the northern states of the region, and a number had either served in the Union Army or been imprisoned for Union sympathies. What Were the Top 4 Causes of the Civil War? While some carpetbaggers supported African American equality and worked to protect their voting rights, others were motivated primarily by financial gain or political power. Whats the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawag. His 1872 reelection campaign in Alabama opened him to allegations of "political betrayal of colleagues; manipulation of Federal patronage; embezzlement of public funds; purchase of votes; and intimidation of voters by the presence of Federal troops." The Northerners were especially successful in taking control of Southern railroads, aided by state legislatures. [18], The "Black and Tan" (biracial) constitutional convention in Mississippi in 1868 included 30 white Southerners, 17 Southern freedmen and 24 non-southerners, nearly all of whom were veterans of the Union Army. [29], Charles Woodward Stearns, also from Massachusetts, wrote an account of his experience in South Carolina: The Black Man of the South, and the Rebels: Or, the Characteristics of the Former and the Recent Outrages of the Latter (1873). Many carpetbaggers were said to have moved South for their own financial and political gains. Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic. Foner wrote that the term, as an insult, was used mainly by "white supremacist opponents of Reconstruction" policies. [44], During World War II, the U.S. Office of Strategic Services surreptitiously supplied necessary tools and material to resistance groups in Europe. This alliance pitted those who wanted the South to change against those who did not. Furbush was originally elected as a Republican, but he switched to the Democratic Party at the end of his time as sheriff. He migrated to Helena, Arkansas in 1862. Legislatures dominated by Republican officeholders were denounced as "carpetbagger governments.". Mathematics, 07.12.2020 17:00. The correct answer: "People from the North that moved to the South after the US Civil War". Clinton, who had been born in Illinois, had never lived in New York, and was accused of moving to New York just so she could run for Senate. Carpetbaggers were able to vote and hold political office, unlike many southerners. Carpetbagger was a pejorative denomination used by US citizens from the Southern states, former Confederates, to refer to people from the North who came to live in the South after the US Civil War. The term "carpetbaggers" refers to Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, during Reconstruction. "Louis Post as a Carpetbagger in South Carolina: Reconstruction as a Forerunner of the Progressive Movement". Scalawags were white Southerners who cooperated politically with black freedmen and Northern newcomers. In addition to economic motives, a good number of carpetbaggers saw themselves as reformers and wanted to shape the postwar South in the image of the North, which they considered to be a more advanced society. Some corrupt characters did descend on the South, seeking to enrich themselves at the expense of the defeated Confederates. Explanation: google Advertisement This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Other Americans, such as teachers and Freedman's Bureau workers, moved to the south to aid newly freedmen. Create your account. 29 chapters | In 1865, the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (or the Freedman's Bureau) was created by Congress in an attempt to help reconstruction efforts of the south. [citation needed]. Foner says Littlefield disbursed $200,000 (bribes) to win support in the legislature for state money for his railroads, and Democrats as well as Republicans were guilty of taking the bribes and making the decisions on the railroad. A carpetbagger was portrayed as a lower-class schemer with little education who could carry everything he owned in a cheap carpet bag. When Democrats regained control of the state government in 1874, Ruby returned to New Orleans, working in journalism. [29], Henry C. Warmoth was the Republican governor of Louisiana from 1868 to 1874. A carpetbagger was portrayed as a lower-class schemer with little education who could carry everything he owned in a cheap carpet bag.These new arrivals supported the Republicans (the party of Abraham Lincoln) and were said to be corrupt profiteers who took advantage of the financial and political instability in the devastated postwar South. Being called a carpetbagger didn't seem to hurt, however, and he won election to the U.S. Senate in 1964. Meanwhile, white Southerners who supported Reconstruction-era Republicans were called scalawags by their political enemies, who considered them traitors to the South and just as bad, if not worse, than carpetbaggers. The term was applied to Northern politicians and financial adventurers whom Southerners accused of coming to the South to use the newly enfranchised freedmen as a means of obtaining office or profit. W. B. Godbey, A.M.", God's Revivalist Office. In the congressional elections of 1866, northern voters rejected Johnsons view of Reconstruction and handed a major victory to the so-called Radical Republicans, who now took control of Reconstruction. [58] Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff. https://www.thoughtco.com/carpetbagger-definition-4774772 (accessed May 1, 2023). "Creating 'the Propaganda of History': Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and Scalawag". [6][7], most carpetbaggers probably combine the desire for personal gain with a commitment to taking part in an effort "to substitute the civilization of freedom for that of slavery". Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. B. social contract The correct answer: "People from the North that moved to the South after the US Civil War". Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/news/whats-the-difference-between-a-carpetbagger-and-a-scalawag. "Carpetbagger: Definition and Origin of the Political Term." One of the primary problems the former Confederate States faced was the financial ruin the war had left them. B. social contract A Carpetbagger was a slang term for northerners who, after the war was over, moved to the south to take economic advantage of the reconstructing south. In addition, the newspaper company which he owned received a contract from the state government. Term was originally a very bitter insult leveled at northerners who ventured into the defeated South. She has an undergraduate degree in History and English and a master's degree in Educational Leadership. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! His political battles with the Southerners and African Americans ripped apart his party. In 1870, Northerners controlled 21% of the South's railroads (by mileage); 19% of the directors were from the North. This is only one of the many means these unprincipled demagogues have devised to perpetuate the intellectual bondage of my people. Most of them were ex-soldiers, but others had not served in the military. Which statement is true about Vietnam today? But "carpetbagger" did not merely mean someone who traveled and carried a carpetbag. What is Sharecropping? Today, to call someone a Carpetbagger is to note that they are not native to a region for which they are running for political office. He then left Shreveport for Hot Springs, Arkansas. c D. Vietnam is a united communist state, Which Enlightenment idea says that Definition and Examples, Election of 1860: Lincoln Became President at Time of Crisis. As the South had been shattered by the effects of the war, with its economy and infrastructure severely damaged, outside help was necessary. Watch acclaimed Black History documentaries on HISTORY Vault. Many were former Union soldiers. Scalawags were white Southerners who cooperated politically with black freedmen and Northern newcomers. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Initially, these Northern migrants were well received. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. rally He died in Vicksburg sixteen days after he left Congress. Yes if you will give them a few Dollars they will liern you for an accomplished Rascal. This led many building societies to implement anti-carpetbagging policies, such as not accepting new deposits from customers who lived outside the normal operating area of the society. [8], Beginning in 1862, Northern abolitionists moved to areas in the South that had fallen under Union control. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The Man with the (Carpet) Bags, Thomas Nast, 1872. These groups were aligned behind Republican goals. Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff. (2020, November 1). What is a Carpetbagger? The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders. After returning to Ohio in February 1865, he joined the Forty-second Colored Infantry. My people have been told by these schemers, when men have been placed on the ticket who were notoriously corrupt and dishonest, that they must vote for them; that the salvation of the party depended upon it; that the man who scratched a ticket was not a Republican. Updated: August 21, 2018 | Original: June 24, 2010, During and immediately after the Civil War, many northerners headed to the southern states, driven by hopes of economic gain, a desire to work on behalf of the newly emancipated enslaved people or a combination of both. Later, however, as Reconstruction governments began to alter the reality of Southern political life, the newcomers were characterized by white Southerners as the dregs of Northern society preying upon the misfortune of the defeated South. They became wealthy landowners, hiring freedmen and white Southerners to do the labor through the development of sharecropping. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Furbush was elected to two terms in the Arkansas House of Representatives, 187374 (from an African-American majority district in the Arkansas Delta, made up of Phillips and Monroe counties.) He also became a leader of the Exoduster movement. And much of that resentment became wrapped up in the term carpetbagger. It is likely that the actions of most of them were motivated by a combination of the pursuit of personal advancement and a desire to participate in the process of transforming the South from a slavery-based society to a more egalitarian one. A "Carpetbagger" was the name given to a person from the North who would move to the South in order to make money following the Civil War. Although the stated purpose of these initiatives was to empower freedmen politically and economically, many carpetbaggers were businessmen who purchased or leased plantations. b All Rights Reserved. Only one state official and one justice of the state supreme court were Northerners. "Carpetbaggers" redirects here. Fetterman won the election, with some claiming that this attack was vital to his victory. See answers . Republican-led racially integrated Reconstruction state legislatures were long and widely portrayed as corrupt and incompetent, but, though corruption was present in these legislatures, it was likely no more prevalent than in other 19th-century state governments. They portrayed "liberty" in 1896 as the right to rise above the rising tide of equality. A classic example of someone called a carpetbagger was Robert Kennedy when he announced his run for the U.S. Senate in New York State. Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, during Reconstruction. Freed African Americans had no role in politics, and the new southern legislatures even passed black codes restricting their freedom and forcing them into repressive labor situations, a development they strongly resisted. Once in the south, Carpetbaggers bought up cheap land and businesses. After the war, hundreds of Northern white women moved South, many to teach the newly freed African-American children. There they joined like-minded Southerners, most of which were employed by the Methodist and Baptist Churches, who spent much of their time teaching and preaching to slave and freedpeople congregations both before and after the Civil War. His election is notable because he was elected as a black Democrat during a campaign season notorious for white intimidation of black and Republican voters in black-majority eastern Arkansas. "[24], Albion W. Tourge, formerly of Ohio and a friend of President James A. Garfield, moved to North Carolina, where he practiced as a lawyer and was appointed a judge. The term carpetbagger was a nickname for Southerners who worked to repeal African American voting rights laws. He was the first-known black Democrat elected to the Arkansas General Assembly. Who were the carpetbaggers Brainly? White southern Republicans, known to their enemies as scalawags, made up the biggest group of delegates to the Radical Reconstruction-era legislatures. In general, the term carpetbagger refers to a traveler who arrives in a new region with only a satchel (or carpetbag) of possessions, and who attempts to profit from or gain control over his new surroundings, often against the will or consent of the original inhabitants. Carpetbaggers packed all of their belongings into a bag and moved south. ", Concluding his letter, Foner said that the concept of the carpetbagger was essentially rooted in racism. New York: McGraw Hill, 2002. As a result, many southern governments were controlled by Carpetbaggers who were able to maintain their position in southern governments due to the federal governments' restrictions on former Confederates. ThoughtCo, Nov. 1, 2020, thoughtco.com/carpetbagger-definition-4774772. succeed. The bureau established schools in rural areas of the South for the purpose of educating the mostly illiterate Black and Poor White population. April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee of the Confederacy surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union; the U.S. Civil War was over. Many were former Whigs (conservatives) who saw the Republicans as the successors to their old party. [citation needed], Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers. a During Reconstruction, more than six hundred African American men Answer: served as members of Southern state legislatures. Furbush twice won reelection as sheriff, serving from 1873 to 1878. Of the 142 men who served in the 12th Legislature, some 12 to 29 were from the North. "Legitimacy and Interventionism: Northern Republicans, the 'Terrible Carpetbagger,' and the Retreat from Reconstruction.". Southerners who supported Reconstruction and African American equality. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Many Carpetbaggers were even targeted by the Ku Klux Klan, mainly because of their efforts in supporting racial equality in southern states. The earliest specific Australian reference is a printed recipe from between 1899 and 1907.[59]. , still divided, but both parts are democratic. In fact, most of the Northern migrants came from middle-class backgrounds. Frequently Carpetbaggers supported legislation that promoted racial equality for newly-freed men, Carpetbaggers began a variety of different businesses in the south, from banking to newspapers. Historians suggest that Scalawags made up only about 20% of the southern population during Reconstruction, but that this population allowed Republican policies to control the period of Reconstruction. Get started for free! Carpetbaggers moved to the south to take advantage of the cheap land and business that were being sold by southerners. Many carpetbaggers were said to have moved South for their own financial and political gains. The federal government had banned former Confederate leaders and military from voting, which limited the political power of southern states. "[24] The historians Eric Foner and W. E. B. This period is called the "reconstruction era". "[26] Tourge later wrote A Fool's Errand, a largely autobiographical novel about an idealistic carpetbagger persecuted by the Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina. They were among the founders of the Republican party in Mississippi. The term carpetbagger, used exclusively as a pejorative term, originated from the carpet bags (a form of cheap luggage made from carpet fabric) which many of these newcomers carried. Scalawags were white Southerners who cooperated politically with black freedmen and Northern newcomers. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. Japanese Imperialism: Territorial Acquisitions & Wars. He eventually became vice-chair of the Georgia Republican Party, a state senator and the head of an African-American militia which he hoped to use against the Ku Klux Klan. The term is now used in the United States to refer to a parachute candidate, that is, an outsider who runs for public office in an area without having lived there for more than a short time, or without having other significant community ties. The term carpetbagger was used by opponents of Reconstructionthe period from 1865 to 1877 when the Southern states that seceded were reorganized as part of the Unionto describe Northerners who moved to the South after the war, supposedly in an effort to get rich or acquire political power. Cincinnati. Which statement is true about Vietnam today? Accustomed to viewing Southernersblack and whiteas devoid of economic initiative, the "Puritan work ethic", and self-discipline, they believed that only "Northern capital and energy" could bring "the blessings of a free labor system to the region. Ideographs, or symbolic terms so resonant with political imagery and meaning as to influence political action, include words like carpetbagger and scalawag. The earliest specific reference is in a United States newspaper in 1891. Carpetbaggers moved to southern states for economic, political, and social opportunities; Scalawags were politically motivated. Blacks from the Deep South migrated to homestead in Kansas in order to escape white supremacist violence and the oppression of segregation. In general, the southern state governments formed during this period of Reconstruction represented a coalition of African Americans, recently arrived northern whites (carpetbaggers) and southern white Republicans (scalawags). fault Tunnell, Ted. Yet it was often resented. Planters whose properties occupied prime riverfront locations relied on river transportation, but smaller farmers in the backcountry suffered. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, It is b for people who want to save their ad :). carpetbagger, in the United States, a derogatory term for an individual from the North who relocated to the South during the Reconstruction period (186577), following the American Civil War. Some scalawags were established planters (mostly in the Deep South) who thought that whites should recognize Blacks civil and political rights while still retaining control of political and economic life. They included four men who had lived in the South before the war, two of whom had served in the Confederate States Army. [50][51], In the United States, the common usage, usually derogatory, refers to politicians who move to different states, districts or areas to run for office despite their lack of local ties or familiarity. Politically, the carpetbaggers were usually dominant; they comprised the majority of Republican governors and congressmen. rally | Sharecropping History & Significance, Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 | Summary, Significance, & History, SAT Subject Test US History: Practice and Study Guide, American History Since 1865: Tutoring Solution, SAT Subject Test World History: Practice and Study Guide, High School World History: Homework Help Resource, High School World History: Tutoring Solution, Middle School US History: Help and Review, Middle School US History: Homework Help Resource, Middle School US History: Tutoring Solution, Create an account to start this course today. Updates? The term "carpetbagger" referred to Northerners who went to the South after the Civil War to participate in the region's political and economic reconstruction. ", Blake J. Wintory, "African-American Legislators in the Arkansas General Assembly, 18681893. The next Republican congressman from the state was not elected until eighty years later in 1964: Prentiss Walker of Mize in Smith County, who served a single term from 1965 to 1967. He was the last Republican to represent that state in the U.S. House of Representatives, having served from 1883 to 1885. The correct option is B. Scalawag referred to radicals born in the South, whereas Carpetbagger alluded to Republicans who had lately emigrated from the North. C. Vietnam is split into several small states of different political structures [10][11], During the time most blacks were enslaved, many were prohibited from being educated and attaining literacy.